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History of Rome and the Kingdom of Italy
The eighteenth and nineteenth century are years in which events are quickly chasing the capital, making the scenarios more uncertain and often unpredictable implications. In particular, the years between 1789, with the French Revolution and Napoleonic rule throughout the continent, and 1848/49, the years of riots that shook the structures of Rome and throughout Europe.
The Enlightenment, the French Revolution and Congress of Vienna, left large legacy and provided numerous ideas for the movement of liberal and republican ideas, and fostering a climate that causes some people channeled into the formation of more or less secret. The first and most important was one called "Carbonari", protagonist of many revolutionary movements and run by the likes and moral and intellectual stature of Giuseppe Mazzini. The theorist of the revolutionary program was born in Genoa, but because of his ideas was forced to leave Italy for safer Marseille. After the failure of the first revolutionary movement, his program will find expression, continuity and sharing in various shapes, including Giuseppe Garibaldi, Massimo D'Azeglio and Vincenzo Gioberti. The Risorgimento itself will start a series of spontaneous uprisings and revolts failed, as happened during the Five Days of Milan, episode dating back to 1848. It will be the second phase, which develops in the years 1859-1860, the decisive one for the unification of the peninsula. Through the alliance with France of Napoleon III, Cavour and Piedmont of Vittorio Emanuele II to complete the project of uniting Italy, thanks to the expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. On March 17, 1861 was declared the unification of Italy. Although providing moral capital of the new kingdom as the city of Rome, the territory in question was still owned by the State of the Church, still under the protection of French troops. The complete unification with annexation of the Papal States, was only September 20, 1870, when the Italian troops, led by sharpshooters and police, created a gap in the capital entering through the breach of Porta Pia, a hole of about 30 meters open to gunfire just next to Porta Pia. The Unification of Italy in Rome was ratified October 2, 1870, and transfers to the capital in June 1871, following the previous target rotation from Turin to Florence. The event was received very negatively by the pontiff, who reacted by excommunicating the King Vittorio Emanuele II and with the explicit prohibition on Catholics to participate actively in the politics of the new Italian state (non expedit). The city of Rome was, for obvious reasons, the capital designated for the new reign, though for administrative structures, social, political and economic, it would not match. There were no industries that could compete with other cities, the clergy fossilized in its positions with large estates and availability of capital income, no trace of the liberal middle class, widespread illiteracy and endemic diseases always lurking. This situation changed radically in the next thirty years, when huge sums were invested to deliver to the Kingdom of Italy, now on the threshold of 1900, a city that can compete with the major European capitals.
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History of Rome and the Kingdom of Italy
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The eighteenth and nineteenth century are years in which events are quickly chasing the capital, making the scenarios more uncertain and often unpredictable implications. In particular, the years between 1789, with the French Revolution and Napoleonic rule throughout the continent, and 1848/49, the years of riots that shook the structures of Rome and throughout Europe. The Enlightenment, the French Revolution and Congress of Vienna, left large legacy and provided numerous ideas for the movement of liberal and republican ideas, and fostering a climate that causes some people channeled into the formation of more or less secret. The first and most important was one called "Carbonari", protagonist of many revolutionary movements and run by the likes and moral and intellectual stature of Giuseppe Mazzini. The theorist of the revolutionary program was born in Genoa, but because of his ideas was forced to leave Italy for safer Marseille. After the failure of the first revolutionary movement, his program will find expression, continuity and sharing in various shapes, including Giuseppe Garibaldi, Massimo D'Azeglio and Vincenzo Gioberti. The Risorgimento itself will start a series of spontaneous uprisings and revolts failed, as happened during the Five Days of Milan, episode dating back to 1848. It will be the second phase, which develops in the years 1859-1860, the decisive one for the unification of the peninsula. Through the alliance with France of Napoleon III, Cavour and Piedmont of Vittorio Emanuele II to complete the project of uniting Italy, thanks to the expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. On March 17, 1861 was declared the unification of Italy. Although providing moral capital of the new kingdom as the city of Rome, the territory in question was still owned by the State of the Church, still under the protection of French troops. The complete unification with annexation of the Papal States, was only September 20, 1870, when the Italian troops, led by sharpshooters and police, created a gap in the capital entering through the breach of Porta Pia, a hole of about 30 meters open to gunfire just next to Porta Pia. The Unification of Italy in Rome was ratified October 2, 1870, and transfers to the capital in June 1871, following the previous target rotation from Turin to Florence. The event was received very negatively by the pontiff, who reacted by excommunicating the King Vittorio Emanuele II and with the explicit prohibition on Catholics to participate actively in the politics of the new Italian state (non expedit). The city of Rome was, for obvious reasons, the capital designated for the new reign, though for administrative structures, social, political and economic, it would not match. There were no industries that could compete with other cities, the clergy fossilized in its positions with large estates and availability of capital income, no trace of the liberal middle class, widespread illiteracy and endemic diseases always lurking. This situation changed radically in the next thirty years, when huge sums were invested to deliver to the Kingdom of Italy, now on the threshold of 1900, a city that can compete with the major European capitals.
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