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The Holy Roman Empire
Besides the constant threat posed by the Lombards, the church had to face constant friction with the imperial authority, as happened when Leo III tried to impose a decree iconoclasm, promptly rejected by Pope Gregory II. The threat of the Lombards was finally foiled by the descent of Charlemagne of 774, when it defeated the Lombard king Desiderius. Christmas in the year 800 Charlemagne was proclaimed Emperor by Pope Leo III, Holy Roman Empire.
Contextually created the Papal States, the estates of the Roman Church, consisting of what was called the patrimony of St. Peter. Were established militias, administrative offices, and in particular, under Pope Adrian I the city of Rome experienced a renaissance, with the resumption of work on the necessary infrastructure, such as aqueducts, walls or embankments to contain the recurrent flooding of the Tiber . It restored the sanctuaries, the remains of the martyrs and the relics were transported from the catacombs in the churches, the Lateran Palace was transformed into a magnificent residence worthy of the imperial court. Charlemagne was a great reformer, working in virtually every area of the Empire, Empire intervening to give a better organization and a kind of cultural mark. But his name is inextricably linked to military actions, which led him, at the height of his empire, to unify the territories of Europe, setting up a kingdom, where "the sun never sets." But the inherent weakness and the threats of disintegration of an empire so vast, they set back the city of Rome to the frequent threats, this time the Arabs, leaving it virtually defenseless. The office and the papal authority were threatened not only outside but also from ongoing conflict with the imperial authority, and struggles that were repeated on the threshold of every election. Emblematic was the episode that led the king Henry IV to struggle with Pope Gregory VII in the famous "Investiture Controversy." Henry's commitment to strengthen the imperial authority, embodied in the desire to give the archdiocese of Milan, which became vacant, he found the strong opposition of the pope. Henry IV declared illegitimate the election of the pontiff at the Synod of Worms, January 24, 1076, and ordered the Romans to choose a new one. The reaction of Pope Gregory VII was immediate struck the king with excommunication, dissolving his subjects from their allegiance, secularized the empire. The attempt of Henry IV to secure the loyalty of the nobles, without losing the support of the pope, failed miserably. The sovereign, to repair the damage, he was forced to go in the winter between 1076 and 1077 at Canossa in penitential procession to obtain the lifting of the excommunication. The obtained only after three days and three nights (25 to 27 January 1077) remained in humiliating waiting in front of the entrance door of the castle of Countess Matilda of Canossa, and kneeling with his head covered with ashes. Tradition has it that in the meantime was being a terrible snowstorm. The struggle between the papacy and the empire, promoted the revival of an organism, which in this intractable conflict, tried to carve out an independent role in city government, the Senate. The institution was formally re-established in 1143, and consists of 56 members, representing districts that had divided the city of Rome. This additional effort to stem the papal authority, drew the ire of the pope. Arnaldo da Brescia, a preacher, arrived in Rome in mid-twelfth century, citing the emergence of a free city, essentially autonomous and anti-papal. The battle was a substantial sentence to the temporal power of the church. Arnold was excommunicated and interdicted the city of Rome by Pope Adrian IV. Then the preacher was captured, handed to Frederick Barbarossa, who arrived in Rome for the coronation, and killed. Arnold's body was burned at the stake and his ashes scattered in the Tiber, to prevent the popular devotion venerate his remains. The contrasts between the papal policy and laity who wanted to limit the power achieved by the ecclesiastical structures, are a constant term, represented from time to time in the form of struggles between families face in organizing real factions. In the thirteenth century, the families most at risk are those of the Orsini (supporters of the papacy) and Column (supporters of imperial authority). The pope perhaps better than anyone is willing to pursue every means the centrality of papal power and its supremacy over all other authority is Boniface VIII, the last great defender of the centrality and universality of the Church. His figure of the pontiff was very controversial, he has been charged conducted unfortunate and unorthodox beliefs. From the political point of view, the most famous episode of which has become the protagonist, is related to "Slap of Anagni". Philip IV, became aware of rumors concerning the conduct of the Pope (among other things, was liable for the death of his predecessor, Pope Celestine V, was accused of simony and sodomy, to deny the immortality of the soul) summoned a council to proclaim the overthrow of Boniface VIII. The proposal was accepted almost unanimously by the representatives of the French clergy. The pope came to the attention of the French measures, prepared a bubble containing the excommunication against the king of France, known as Super Petri diesel oil. Its enactment, however, never took place because of emissaries Fillippi IV, accompanied by the entire family column, numerous representatives of the bourgeoisie of Anagni and much of the Sacred College of Cardinals, conspired against the pope, capturing and forcing him to imprisonment in the palace Papal Anagni. The pontiff was subjected to three days of threats and insults, until a sudden reversal of Anagni brought the bourgeoisie to take the defense of the pope, turning against the conspirators and the Colonna. This episode was considered so outrageous and so disrespectful to the Pope, scandalized even his harshest detractors. The next period marked the decline of Rome, symbolized by the choice of the successor of Boniface not reside in the eternal city. Clement V in fact chose to transfer the seat of the papacy in the French city of Avignon. The reasons for choosing the applicants were in fact struggles tearing the capital, suggesting the pope to stand directly under the protection of the king of France. The election of Pope Clement V was a huge success for the French monarchy, which was able to drive the election. There is even talk of a formal agreement signed by Clement before his election. The conclave that eventually proclaim pope took place in Perugia, and lasted eleven months, continually interrupted by the interference of the French king Philip. Among the first acts of the pope, the outstanding collection of bubbles and measures that somehow were applicable to his patron, and which may prove a hindrance to the French monarchy. The fate of Rome seemed to fall. The infighting between different factions took precedence over everything else. Events are pushed to the point of giving birth in Cola di Rienzo, the idea of creating a republic in Rome, a municipality with its own laws and resources, to lift the state of poverty in which decades of war between barons and the papacy had dragged. The people welcomed with great enthusiasm the first measures aimed at eradicating violence private, public resources allocated for the most needy and otherwise exploit the land barons of the neighboring cities held feud. The city burned in force again, showing great affection for Cola and the new town, at least until the government of Rienzi not resulted in delirium. It was first forced to leave the city in
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The Holy Roman Empire
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Besides the constant threat posed by the Lombards, the church had to face constant friction with the imperial authority, as happened when Leo III tried to impose a decree iconoclasm, promptly rejected by Pope Gregory II. The threat of the Lombards was finally foiled by the descent of Charlemagne of 774, when it defeated the Lombard king Desiderius. Christmas in the year 800 Charlemagne was proclaimed Emperor by Pope Leo III, Holy Roman Empire. Contextually created the Papal States, the estates of the Roman Church, consisting of what was called the patrimony of St. Peter. Were established militias, administrative offices, and in particular, under Pope Adrian I the city of Rome experienced a renaissance, with the resumption of work on the necessary infrastructure, such as aqueducts, walls or embankments to contain the recurrent flooding of the Tiber . It restored the sanctuaries, the remains of the martyrs and the relics were transported from the catacombs in the churches, the Lateran Palace was transformed into a magnificent residence worthy of the imperial court. Charlemagne was a great reformer, working in virtually every area of the Empire, Empire intervening to give a better organization and a kind of cultural mark. But his name is inextricably linked to military actions, which led him, at the height of his empire, to unify the territories of Europe, setting up a kingdom, where "the sun never sets." But the inherent weakness and the threats of disintegration of an empire so vast, they set back the city of Rome to the frequent threats, this time the Arabs, leaving it virtually defenseless. The office and the papal authority were threatened not only outside but also from ongoing conflict with the imperial authority, and struggles that were repeated on the threshold of every election. Emblematic was the episode that led the king Henry IV to struggle with Pope Gregory VII in the famous "Investiture Controversy." Henry's commitment to strengthen the imperial authority, embodied in the desire to give the archdiocese of Milan, which became vacant, he found the strong opposition of the pope. Henry IV declared illegitimate the election of the pontiff at the Synod of Worms, January 24, 1076, and ordered the Romans to choose a new one. The reaction of Pope Gregory VII was immediate struck the king with excommunication, dissolving his subjects from their allegiance, secularized the empire. The attempt of Henry IV to secure the loyalty of the nobles, without losing the support of the pope, failed miserably. The sovereign, to repair the damage, he was forced to go in the winter between 1076 and 1077 at Canossa in penitential procession to obtain the lifting of the excommunication. The obtained only after three days and three nights (25 to 27 January 1077) remained in humiliating waiting in front of the entrance door of the castle of Countess Matilda of Canossa, and kneeling with his head covered with ashes. Tradition has it that in the meantime was being a terrible snowstorm. The struggle between the papacy and the empire, promoted the revival of an organism, which in this intractable conflict, tried to carve out an independent role in city government, the Senate. The institution was formally re-established in 1143, and consists of 56 members, representing districts that had divided the city of Rome. This additional effort to stem the papal authority, drew the ire of the pope. Arnaldo da Brescia, a preacher, arrived in Rome in mid-twelfth century, citing the emergence of a free city, essentially autonomous and anti-papal. The battle was a substantial sentence to the temporal power of the church. Arnold was excommunicated and interdicted the city of Rome by Pope Adrian IV. Then the preacher was captured, handed to Frederick Barbarossa, who arrived in Rome for the coronation, and killed. Arnold's body was burned at the stake and his ashes scattered in the Tiber, to prevent the popular devotion venerate his remains. The contrasts between the papal policy and laity who wanted to limit the power achieved by the ecclesiastical structures, are a constant term, represented from time to time in the form of struggles between families face in organizing real factions. In the thirteenth century, the families most at risk are those of the Orsini (supporters of the papacy) and Column (supporters of imperial authority). The pope perhaps better than anyone is willing to pursue every means the centrality of papal power and its supremacy over all other authority is Boniface VIII, the last great defender of the centrality and universality of the Church. His figure of the pontiff was very controversial, he has been charged conducted unfortunate and unorthodox beliefs. From the political point of view, the most famous episode of which has become the protagonist, is related to "Slap of Anagni". Philip IV, became aware of rumors concerning the conduct of the Pope (among other things, was liable for the death of his predecessor, Pope Celestine V, was accused of simony and sodomy, to deny the immortality of the soul) summoned a council to proclaim the overthrow of Boniface VIII. The proposal was accepted almost unanimously by the representatives of the French clergy. The pope came to the attention of the French measures, prepared a bubble containing the excommunication against the king of France, known as Super Petri diesel oil. Its enactment, however, never took place because of emissaries Fillippi IV, accompanied by the entire family column, numerous representatives of the bourgeoisie of Anagni and much of the Sacred College of Cardinals, conspired against the pope, capturing and forcing him to imprisonment in the palace Papal Anagni. The pontiff was subjected to three days of threats and insults, until a sudden reversal of Anagni brought the bourgeoisie to take the defense of the pope, turning against the conspirators and the Colonna. This episode was considered so outrageous and so disrespectful to the Pope, scandalized even his harshest detractors. The next period marked the decline of Rome, symbolized by the choice of the successor of Boniface not reside in the eternal city. Clement V in fact chose to transfer the seat of the papacy in the French city of Avignon. The reasons for choosing the applicants were in fact struggles tearing the capital, suggesting the pope to stand directly under the protection of the king of France. The election of Pope Clement V was a huge success for the French monarchy, which was able to drive the election. There is even talk of a formal agreement signed by Clement before his election. The conclave that eventually proclaim pope took place in Perugia, and lasted eleven months, continually interrupted by the interference of the French king Philip. Among the first acts of the pope, the outstanding collection of bubbles and measures that somehow were applicable to his patron, and which may prove a hindrance to the French monarchy. The fate of Rome seemed to fall. The infighting between different factions took precedence over everything else. Events are pushed to the point of giving birth in Cola di Rienzo, the idea of creating a republic in Rome, a municipality with its own laws and resources, to lift the state of poverty in which decades of war between barons and the papacy had dragged. The people welcomed with great enthusiasm the first measures aimed at eradicating violence private, public resources allocated for the most needy and otherwise exploit the land barons of the neighboring cities held feud. The city burned in force again, showing great affection for Cola and the new town, at least until the government of Rienzi not resulted in delirium. It was first forced to leave the city in
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